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PARADISE LOST JOHN MILTON SONNETS SHAKESPEARE

Paradise Lost (Lost Paradise in English) is a narrative poem of John Milton (1608-1674), considered a classic of English literature, and has given rise to a literary topic widespread in the literature. Tops the 10,000
unrhymed verses written. The poem is an epic about the biblical theme of the fall of Adam and Eve. Basically, the problem of evil and suffering in the sense of responding to the question of why a good and almighty God decides to do when he could easily avoid them. Milton
responds through a psychological description of the main protagonists of the poem: the devil, God, Adam and Eve, whose attitudes eventually reveal the message of hope that lies behind the loss of the original paradise. In the poem, heaven and hell represent states of mind rather than physical spaces.
The play begins in hell (described by reference to permanent dissatisfaction and desperation of its inhabitants), where Satan (defined by suffering) decides to take revenge of God indirectly, namely through the newly created beings that live in a state of permanent happiness.

the beginning of the poem sets out its case: the fall of man into sin. After that, se narra la historia de Satanás, el más bello de los ángeles, que antes de la creación del mundo encabezó una rebelión de ángeles contra Dios, por lo cual este le expulsa a él y a su séquito del Cielo y los condena a permanecer en un lugar terrible llamado Caos. Allí, Satanás arenga a sus fieles para vengarse de Dios, pero no con la fuerza, sino a través de la astucia y el engaño. Y para ello dispone que se utilice a una futura criatura suya, el hombre.

Satanás se encarga de ir él solo a descubrir el nuevo mundo; Dios lo ve y se lo enseña a su Hijo, al que le explica que el hombre va a ser culpable, por lo cual el Hijo se presenta voluntario para expiar con su muerte man's sin. Satan explores the new world, which is described to the reader, and find out where is the abode of man, the new divine creation. There contemplated, admired the perfection of its form, and find the ban on Adam and Eve, first humans, eating the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil.

God, watch what happens in heaven, send the Archangel Raphael to Adam and Eve encourage obedience and warn them of the plot of Satan also has a detailed history of the fallen angel. Satan has returned to paradise in the form of a serpent, and when he meets Eve alone explains who has the gift of speaking through the fruit of a tree. Leads to the tree with Eva, which recognizes the tree of knowledge of good and evil, with tricks and lies further doubts Eve.

After testing the fruit, he takes Adam to try it too. Adam blamed Eve despite his disobedience, eat fruit, because his love for Eva makes you want to share their fate. Knowing God
fall into the sin of disobedience of His creatures, sent the archangel Michael to communicate their expulsion from Paradise and that God accepts the prayers that Adam has to postpone his death. Before the final expulsion, Michael explains to the couple's future and destiny of humanity, dominated by the struggle and suffering because of original sin, and shows the world that will inhabit them and their descendants.

Paradise Lost has been an important reception. It was based Gottfried Van Swieten to write the text to serve as a basis for the composition of Joseph Haydn's Creation, an oratorio important contained in the first part of the text of Milton. Ends with the creation of Adam and Eve and their praises to God, with no subsequent events leading to the loss of Paradise.
Moreover, the desirability of translating the text or not generated much debate in the Enlightenment language German. Thus, while more stringent illustrated as Johann Christoph Gottsched opposed it, because it is a text full of supernatural and fantasy elements, the enlightened Swiss Johann Jakob Bodmer and Johann Jakob Breitinger will advocate for their translation, admiring the force of text. Also the pre-Romantics such as Johann Gottfried Herder will appear fascinated by this text.

Bv And Irregular Periods

The Sonnets of Shakespeare (The Sonnets) is a collection of 154 poems in strophic form of the English sonnet addressed a wide range of topics such as love, beauty, politics and mortality.
were written, probably over several years to be finally published, except the first two, in a collection of 1609, the number 138 ("When my love swears she is made of That truth") and 144 ( "Two loves Have I, of comfort and despair") had been previously published in a 1599 miscellany entitled The Passionate Pilgrim .
The Sonnets were published under conditions that still remain uncertain. For example, there is a mysterious dedication at the beginning of the text wherein a certain "Mr. WH" is described by the publisher Thomas Thorpe as "the only begetter" (the only inspiring) of poems is not known who that person was. The inscription also refers to the poet with the equally mysterious phrase "ever-living" literally immortal, but normally applied to a dead person. Also, although the poems were written by William Shakespeare, is not known if the publisher used a manuscript authorized by him or an unauthorized copy. Strangely, the author's name is hyphenated on the cover and in the header of each page of the issue. These anomalies have fueled the debate about the authorship of works attributed to Shakespeare.
The first 17 sonnets are addressed to a young man, urging him to marry and have children, so that its beauty can be transmitted to the next generation. This group of poems known by the name of procreation sonnets (sonnets of procreation).
The sonnets ranging from 18 to 126 are also aimed at a youth but now expressing his love for his lyrical voice.
Those falling between 127 and 152 are written to the lover of the lyric voice, expressing their love he feels for her. Topics such as infidelity, the resolution to control lust, etc.
The last two sonnets, the 153 and 154, are allegorical.

The only edition of Shakespeare's sonnets published in author's life, the Quarto of 1609, is dedicated to one "Mr. WH". The reality, identity and age of this person is a mystery and has caused a great number of speculations.

'TT' corresponds to Thomas Thorpe, the editor, it is uncertain whether Thorpe or Shakespeare write the dedication. Capital letters and spaces following each word are traits that are likely to indicate an intention to mimic the shape of the inscriptions of ancient Rome, giving it a sense of eternity and importance to the sonnets. In these, Shakespeare says that perdudarán at various times more than other terrestrial objects such as stone monuments and inscriptions. Sonnet 55 indicates:

Not marble, the gilded monuments normal [or marble, nor gilded monuments]
Of princes Shall outlive this rhyme pow'rful [of princes are to survive these powerful rhymes]

126 of the sonnets are addressed to a young (often called "Fair Youth"). There are basically two theories about the identity of Mr. WH: one that identifies with the young man and asserting that it is a different person.
The following is a non-exhaustive list of candidates:
William Herbert (the Earl of Pembroke). Herbert is seen by many as the leading candidate, since he is committed also First Folio of Shakespeare's plays.

Henry Wriothesley (the Earl of Southampton). Many have argued that 'WH' stands for Southampton in reverse, and is a suitable candidate while he Shakespeare dedicated his poems Venus & Adonis and The Rape of Lucretia. Southampton was also known for their good looks, and sometimes it has been suggested could be the 'fair youth' of the sonnets.
Sir William Harvey, Southampton's stepfather. This theory assumes that the fair youth and Mr. WH are separate persons, and Southampton is that young. Harvey would be the "begetter" (inspiration) of the sonnets in the sense that it would be he who provided them to the editor.
The same Shakespeare, William Himself (WH). This theory was proposed by the German scholar D. Barnstorff, but has not found much support. A simple error
print the initials of Shakespeare, 'WAS' or 'W. Sh '. This idea was suggested by Bertrand Russell in his memoirs, and also by Don Foster in Master WH, RIP and Jonathan Bate in The Genius of Shakespeare .
William Hall. Hall was a printer for printing of other works published by Thorpe (according to this theory, the dedication is simply a tribute to his colleague and Thorpe has nothing to do with Shakespeare). This theory, suggested by the first time by Sir Sidney Lee's A Life of William Shakespeare (1898), was followed by Colonel BR Ward in The Mystery of Mr. WH (1923). Supporters suggest that the full name "William Hall" appears if the word "all", immediately following the initials in the dedication, is added to them. There is also documentary evidence of one William Hall of Hackney who signed as "WH" three years earlier, although there seems to be the same as the printer.
Willie Hughes. The eighteenth-century specialist Thomas Tyrwhitt first proposed the theory that Mr. WH (and the Youth Fair) was "William Hughes", based on alleged puns in the sonnets. The argument was repeated in 1790 edition of the sonnets by Edmund Malone. The most famous exposition of this theory lies in the story of Oscar Wilde entitled "The Portrait of Mr. WH" in which the narrator of the story describes the puns on "will" and "bone" in the sonnets, and states that were written for a young and charming actor named Willie Hughes who acted in female roles in Shakespeare's plays. No evidence of the existence of such a person.
William Haughton, a contemporary playwright.
In his Oxford edition of the sonnets, Colin Burrow argues that the dedication is deliberately mysterious and ambiguous, and that probably means "Who I", a phrase also used in a pamphlet contemporary. Suggests it may have been created by Thorpe simply to encourage speculation and discussion (and, consequently, sales of the text.)

are three characters that are addressed most of the sonnets: a handsome man, a rival poet and the lady with black hair, conventionally, each of these recipients are known by nicknames, respectively, the Fair Youth, the Rival Poet and the Dark Lady. The lyric voice expresses admiration for the beauty of the young, and later has an affair with the Dark Lady. It is unknown whether the poems and their characters are fiction or autobiographical. If they were autobiographical, the identities of the characters estarían abiertas al debate. Diversos especialistas, especialmente A. L. Rowse, han intentado identificar los personajes con individuos históricos.

Fair Youth
El 'Fair Youth' es un joven sin nombre a quien se dirigen los sonetos que van del 1 al 126. El poeta escribe del joven con un lenguaje romántico y cariñoso, un hecho que ha llevado a varios comentaristas a sugerir una relación homosexual entre ellos, aunque otros lo intepretan como un amor platónico.
Los primero poemas de la colección no sugieren una relación personal estrecha; por el contrario, en ellos se recomiendan los beneficios del matrimonio y del tener hijos. Con el famoso soneto 18 ("Shall I compare thee to a summer's day": You should compare thee to a summer day), the tone changes dramatically towards a romantic intimacy. Sonnet 20 explicitly laments that the young man is a woman. Most of these sonnets describe the ups and downs of the relationship, culminating in a relationship between the poet and the Dark Lady. The relationship seems to end when the Fair Youth succumbs to the charms of the lady.
have been numerous attempts to identify the friend. Shakespeare's patron for a while, Henry Wriothesley, third Earl of Southampton, is the candidate who most times have been suggested for identification, although the last patron of Shakespeare, William Herbert, third Earl of Pembroke, was recently identified as another possibility. Both theories are related to the dedication of the sonnets to 'Mr. WH ', "the only begetter of These ensuing sonnets" (the only inspired the following sonnets): the initials could be applied to any of the two counts. However, although the language of Shakespeare seems sometimes indicate that the friend is someone of a higher social status than him, could not be. The apparent references to the inferiority of the poet may simply be part of the rhetoric of romantic submission. An alternative theory, presented in the story of Oscar Wilde "The Portrait of Mr. W. H. "points to a series of puns that might suggest that the sonnets are written for a young actor called William Hughes (Mr. WH), however, Wilde's story acknowledges that there is no evidence of the existence of such a person . Samuel Butler, meanwhile, believed that the friend was a sailor, and recently Joseph Pequigney ('Such Is My Love ") has thought of an unknown commoner.


The Dark Lady Sonnets 127 to 152 is generally directed to a woman known as the 'Dark Lady' because of his hair is said to be black and his skin is dark. These sonnets are explicitly sexual in nature, unlike the letters to "Fair Youth" . Reading is sensed that the ego of the sonnets and the lady remained a passionate affair, but she was unfaithful, perhaps with the "Fair Youth". Humbly, the poet is described as bald and middle-aged at the time of the relationship.
has tried numerous times to identify the "Dark Lady" with historical figures such as Mary Fitton or the poet Emilia Lanier, who is a favorite Rowse. Some readers have suggested that the reference to his dark skin could suggest a English or African origin (eg on the novel by Anthony Burgess about Shakespeare, Nothing Like the Sun ). Other people, however, insist on keeping the Dark Lady is not just a fictional character and never existed in real life also suggest that the dark lady should not be taken literally without rather as representing the dark forces of physical lust as opposed to the ideal Platonic love associated with the " Youth Fair. "

The Rival Poet
rival poet is sometimes identified with Christopher Marlowe or George Chapman. However, no conclusive evidence that the character has a correspondence with a real person.

MATERIALS Section have a link to an excellent study on Sonnets of Shakespeare.

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THE SECOND QUARTER WORK

Teaching Team announced that because you are at your disposal the work of l @ s alumn @ s Universal Literature for Second Quarter. Enjoy!

Female Hispanic Scientists And Inventors

LOVE IN RENAISSANCE POETICS

If anything stands out as the Renaissance art-historical period is, without doubt, by the proliferation of theories and / or ideologies about LOVE. For Ficino, for example, we owe the equation EROS = MAGIC. And this magic is indebted to the Arab magic in a long time due to their premises of Greek and Oriental. Humanists will definitely combine Neoplatonism and the work of al-Kindi. Love is a magician and, therefore, call magic to the operation by which Eros on some things by similarity to other natural. This is what others have called "sympathetic magic." Eros is a universal spirit that pervades everything and following the macrocosm-microcosm belief, each particular soul, love and beautiful, created with his actions, his words and favors a magic net around the object of his love. With this network the lover seeks to "bind" magically the other, closer, to be matched. In short, this scheme corresponds to that made by Giordano Bruno as "link of links." Renaissance theories of love is based on the theory d elas radiation al-Kindi, who argued that each star has a nature that connects the world through its rays. Their influence on terrestrial objects is established by similarity between subject and object. This allows Ficino and Bruno replace the term "radiation" by "Eros." To some extent, which are combining theories here are animists and mechanistic theories of love. The same can be said about the magnetic theory, based on the law of attraction of bodies. Bodies (and souls) are attracted by a certain natural resemblance, so that love is presented as a physical force impregnable.

This would explain the importance of eyes in the majority of Renaissance texts. Continuing with the topic of OPTICAL WOUND, masterfully made in the Roman de la Rose, the rays (arrows) of Eros catch the eye to settle on the soul and also the beloved's eyes are those that implement such rays, such as sunlight. This does not mean anything but the eyes are the gateway to love, but also its output. Hence, when one is not matched (NO status, state of darkness and forgetting), the expression of pain is given by TEARS (main output, for the eyes) and to a lesser extent, SIGHS (mouth, secondary output). This metaphor about light radiation, sympathy, is also supported by mechanistic theories: just as the Earth is attracted by the sun and this gives life (movement) on one, the lover and the poet experiences love breathed the lady, whose movement is revealed explicitly in the topic of a pilgrim of love, if the sun goes out, the Earth would die (stop motion), if the lady fails to "enlighten" the poet, he would die anyway. This explains why the Renaissance poet Petrarch was obsessed, "stop", stop, to "contemplate their state." Her lack of movement by the absence of the lady literally means the absence of himself, extinction.